La successiva metastruttura discussa da Tyler Volk e Jeff Bloom sono gli oloni, un termine introdotto da Arthur Koestler in The Ghost in the Machine del 1967, e successivamente in Janus: A Summing Up del 1978. Nella definizione originaria di Koestler:
Gli oloni sono quindi - come i clononi - parti intrinseche, composte da altri sottosistemi - in generali altri oloni -, di una olarchia di un sistema complesso, contemporaneamente parti (componenti) e tutto (livelli) del sistema. Si distinguono dai clononi in quanto funzionalmente e strutturalmente distinguibili tra loro. L'esempio tipico sono gli atomi dei diversi elementi, oloni distinti composti da tre tipi fondamentali (protoni, neutroni ed elettroni) di particelle clononi indistinguibili. Un altro esempio dal punto di vista delle strutture organizzate sono i livelli di oloni che progressivamente portano dal livello individuale a quello globale:1. The holon
1.1 The organism in its structural aspect is not an aggregation of elementary parts, and in its functional aspects not a chain of elementary units of behaviour.1.2 The organism is to be regarded as a multi-levelled hierarchy of semi-autonomous sub-wholes, branching into sub-wholes of a lower order, and so on. Sub-wholes on any level of the hierarchy are referred to as holons.1.3 Parts and wholes in an absolute sense do not exist in the domains of life. The concept of the holon is intended to reconcile the atomistic and holistic approaches.1.4 Biological holons are self-regulating open systems which display both the autonomous properties of wholes and the dependent properties of parts. This dichotomy is present on every level of every type of hierarchic organization, and is referred to as the "Janus phenomenon".1.5 More generally, the term "holon" may be applied to any stable biological or social sub-whole which displays rule-governed behaviour and/or structural Gestalt-constancy. Thus organelles and homologous organs are evolutionary holons; morphogenetic fields are ontogenetic holons; the ethologist's "fixed action-patterns" and the sub-routines of acquired skills are behavioural holons; phonemes, morphemes, words, phrases are linguistic holons; individuals, families, tribes, nations are social holons.
Background
Holon, as mentioned previously, refers to a whole, which is often comprised of clonon parts or sets of clonon parts. Holons themselves can become clonons of even greater wholes. The idea of holons (in contrast to indistinguishable clonons) is that holons are functionally and structurally distinct parts on the level of a holarchy. Holons are like organs, on different scales of wholes. Thus the body’s holons are heart, lungs, brain, and so forth, which themselves are composed of many clonons, the relatively indistinguishable heart cells, liver cells, and so forth.
Examples
- In science: a planet, a solar system (made of holons-planets that become clonons of the solar system), an atom is a holon of three fundamental types of clonon particles, atoms become clonons of larger holon molecules, etc.
- In architecture and design: buildings, a community, etc.
- In art: subjects, figures formed from points or strokes, a sculpture, etc
- In social sciences: a concept, a community or society, an action holon of component clonon actions, a family, a class of students, etc.
- In other senses: a wall or fence, an archway made of stone clonons, a gang or clique, etc.
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